Abstract: Thermal insulation tiles are a critical component of reusable launch vehicle's heat protection system. However, they are susceptible to damage from low-velocity impacts. The damage effects of low-velocity impact on the structure composed of thermal insulation tiles, strain isolation pads, and cold structural metal plates through drop ball (50 mm in diameter) impact tests were investigated in this study. The results show that upon low-velocity impact, the thermal insulation tiles formed circular craters with a diameter of approximately 16.5 mm and a depth of approximately 1.8 mm. No cracks, deformations, or other damages were observed outside the impacted area. Following the experimental investigations, a finite element simulation model of the thermal insulation tile assembly’s impact response was developed and adjusted based on the experimental data. Comparison of the simulation results with the experimental results shows that the simulation errors in the diameter and depth of the impact crater and the diameter of the coating delamination area around the crater are all within 12%. The research may serve as a reference for the design, manufacturing, and maintenance of thermal protection structures for reusable launch vehicles.