Abstract: The assessment of the microbial survival status on the superior planet surface is one of the prerequisites of the detection of extraterrestrial life and the implementation of planetary protection in deep space exploration activities. The characteristics of the Martian surface environment and their impact on the microbial survival, as well as the potential for microbial survival in Mars exploration activities were analyzed in this paper. The space simulation platforms and ground-based simulation facilities used for studying the microbial adaptability to the Martian environment were reviewed. It is concluded that the multi-functional simulation facilities would need to be improved to simulate the real Martian environment. The proposed research is of significance for extraterrestrial life detection, extraterrestrial biosafety risk assessment, and deep space exploration engineering applications to study the microbial survival and adaptation mechanisms in the Martian environment.