Abstract: Among spacecraft environmental tests, the thermal balance test is an indispensable test item and an important procedure in the spacecraft development process. Chinese technical standard GB/T 34515—2017 Thermal Balance Test Method for Spacecraft is compiled based on the latest technical achievements of foreign spacecraft environmental tests, as well as the domestic engineering experiences of the spacecraft thermal balance test, covering the common test methods used by various test units in practice, with the practicability of its clauses improved. This paper compares and analyzes this standard and the related foreign standards, to clarify the similarities and differences between them, to provide a foundation for the implementation, the application and the promotion of the Chinese standard.