Abstract: Based on the concept of materials genetic engineering and the idea of integrating the space environment and effect into the whole process of the development of aerospace materials, a revolution in the development of aerospace materials is expected. Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign materials genome projects and the demand of aerospace materials for spacecraft, the aerospace materials genetic engineering is discussed firstly, and then the development process of aerospace materials based on the material genetic engineering is analyzed. On the basis of combining of the space environmental effect and the materials genetic engineering, from three dimensions, namely, of the computational tools, the test tools and the digital data, we propose some key technologies and development directions such as the coupling mechanism of space environments and space materials, the equivalent evaluation method of the synergistic effects of space environments on the aerospace materials, the performance evolution model of the aerospace materials in space complex causative environments, the database of the space environmental effect of aerospace materials, the design model of the aerospace materials based on the materials genetic engineering, the uncertainty and the optimization method of the development of aerospace materials.