Abstract: In view of the fact that hypersonic vehicles operate in oxidation environments with extremely high temperatures in which the vehicles' outer shells experience single-sided heating, an infrared radiation test system is proposed in this paper, based on silicon-molybdenum heating elements, for ultra-temperature, time-varying and one-sided heating environments. The thermal-insulation performance test for lightweight thermal protection materials of hypersonic aircraft in extremely high-temperature/oxidation environments up to 1700℃ can be carried out within the system. In addition, to study and select an efficient thermal-insulation scheme, the insulation properties of a lightweight ceramic material and a ceramic-nanomaterial laminated structure in an oxidative environment at 1700℃ are experimentally studied. The test results show that the ceramic-nanomaterial laminated structure can help improve the thermal insulation by approximately 50% over the single layer of lightweight ceramic material.